Informatics Publishing Limited

Paresh Chauhan ¹, Y. B. Acharya ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics Engineering, Gujarat Technological University PG School, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, IN
2 Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, IN

Abstract

In recent years, a new kind of semiconductor detector called SiPM has been developed to detect a single optical photon as an alternative to PMT & APD. SiPM have many advantages in terms of very fast timing response, high gain at low bias voltage, low power consumption, good temperature to voltage stability, insensitive to magnetic fields. Reliability, ruggedness, compactness, no excess light damages and long life span are our favorable characteristics. This device SiPM is a promising to find wide spread uses in nuclear medical imaging application, Environmental chemical, high energy physics and many other fields. Silicon photomultipliers are Silicon single photon sensitive devices built from an avalanche photodiode (APD) array on common Si substrate. The idea behind this device is the detection of single photon events in sequentially connected Si APDs. The dimension of each single APD can vary from 20 to 100 micrometers, and their density can be up to 103/mm2. Every APD in SiPM operates in Geiger-mode and is coupled with the others by a polysilicon quenching resistor. Although the device works in digital/switching mode, the SiPM is an analog device because all the microcells are read in parallel making it possible to generate signals within a dynamic range from a single photon to 1000 photons for just a single square millimeter area device. The supply voltage (Vb) depends on APD technology used, and typically varies between 25 V and 70 V, thus being from 30 to 50 times lower than the voltage required for a traditional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) operation. SiPM has been invented in Russia in Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. This design idea was then used with some variations by SensL, Photonique, Hamamatsu, KETEK, Voxtel Inc.

Keywords

SiPM, Characterization & Simulation.

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M. Shanmugam ¹, S. V. Vadawale ¹, Arpit R. Patel ¹, Hitesh Kumar Adalaja ¹, N. P. S. Mithun ¹, Tinkal Ladiya ¹, Shiv Kumar Goyal ¹, Neeraj K. Tiwari ¹, Nishant Singh ¹, Sushil Kumar ¹, Deepak Kumar Painkra ¹, Y. B. Acharya ¹, Anil Bhardwaj ¹, A. K. Hait ², A. Patinge ², Abinandhan Kapoor ³, H. N. Suresh Kumar ³, Neeraj Satya ³, Gaurav Saxena ⁴, Kalpana Arvind ⁴

Affiliations
1 Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
2 Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
3 U. R. Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru 560 017, IN
4 Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems, Bengaluru 560 058, IN

Abstract

Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) is one of the scientific instruments onboard Chandrayaan-2 orbiter. The XSM along with instrument CLASS (Chandra’s Large Area soft X-ray Spectrometer) comprise the remote X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy experiment of Chandrayaan- 2 mission with an objective to determine the elemental composition of the lunar surface on a global scale. XSM instrument will measure the solar X-rays in the energy range of 1–15 keV using state-of-the-art silicon drift detector. The flight model of the XSM payload has been designed, realized and characterized for various operating parameters. XSM provides energy resolution of ~180 eV at 5.9 keV with high time cadence of one second. The X-ray spectra of the Sun observed with XSM will also contribute to the study of solar corona. The detailed description and the performance characteristics of the XSM instrument are presented in this article.

Keywords

Lunar X-Rays, Silicon Drift Detector, Solar X-Rays, X-Ray Spectrometer.

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M. Shanmugam ¹, S. V. Vadawale ¹, Arpit R. Patel ¹, N. P. S. Mithun ¹, Hitesh Kumar Adalaja ¹, Tinkal Ladiya ¹, Shiv Kumar Goyal ¹, Neeraj K. Tiwari ¹, Nishant Singh ¹, Sushil Kumar ¹, Deepak Kumar Painkra ¹, A. K. Hait ², A. Patinge ², Abhishek Kumar ³, Saleem Basha ³, Vivek R. Subramanian ³, R. G. Venkatesh ³, D. B. Prashant ³, Sonal Navle ³, Y. B. Acharya ¹, S. V. S. Murty ¹, Anil Bhardwaj ¹

Affiliations
1 Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
2 Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
3 U.R. Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru 560 017, IN

Abstract

Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) is one of the two scientific experiments on Chandrayaan-2 rover named as Pragyan. The primary scientific objective of APXS is to determine the elemental composition of the lunar surface in the surrounding regions of the landing site. This will be achieved by employing the technique of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy using in situ excitation source ²⁴⁴Cm emitting both X-rays and alpha particles. These radiations excite characteristic X-rays of the elements by the processes of particle induced X-ray emission and XRF. The characteristic X-rays are detected by the ‘state-of-the-art’ X-ray detector known as Silicon Drift Detector, which provides high energy resolution, as well as high efficiency in the energy range of 1–25 keV. This enables APXS to detect all major rock forming elements such as, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti and Fe. The flight model of the APXS payload has been completed and tested for various instrument parameters. The APXS provides energy resolution of ~135 eV at 5. 9keV for the detector operating temperature of about –35°C. The design details and the performance measurement of APXS are presented in this paper.

Keywords

Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer, CSPA, Silicon Drift Detector, X-Ray Spectrometer.

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